What is binary?
Binary is base 2 — numbers are represented using only 0 and 1. Each digit is a 'bit'. Computers use binary because electronic circuits have two states: on (1) and off (0).
What is hexadecimal?
Hexadecimal (hex) is base 16, using digits 0–9 and letters A–F. Hex is commonly used in programming as it compactly represents binary: one hex digit = 4 bits.
How do I convert binary to decimal?
Multiply each binary digit by 2 raised to its position power and sum the results. Example: 1010 = (1×8) + (0×4) + (1×2) + (0×1) = 10.
What is octal?
Octal is base 8, using digits 0–7. It was historically used in computing but is less common today, though it still appears in Unix file permission codes.